Dr Sk Sabir Rahaman – General Physician & Diabetologist in Kolkata

By Dr. Sk Sabir Rahaman, MBBS , MD (Pharmacology), DFM(Family Medicine), FCFM, CCEBDM, CCLSD 🎯 Purpose of the Session The purpose of this practical session is to demonstrate experimentally how different drugs and physiological manipulations affect cardiovascular parameters such as mean arterial pressure (MAP) and heart rate (HR) in an anesthetized animal preparation. Students will: Learn the setup and methods for measuring blood pressure and heart rate in real time. Observe characteristic drug responses on the cardiovascular system. Understand special pharmacological phenomena like vasomotor reversal of Dale , tachyphylaxis , and nicotinic actions of acetylcholine . Bridge the gap between basic pharmacology and clinical applications . 📌 Learning Objectives At the end of this session, the student should be able to: Explain the principle of invasive blood pressure recording. Describe the effects of important drugs such as epinephrine, norepinephrine, acet...

By Dr. Sk Sabir Rahaman, MBBS , MD (Pharmacology), DFM(Family Medicine), FCFM, CCEBDM, CCLSD 1. Regulatory Authority Governing Body : Committee for Control and Supervision of Experiments on Animals (CCSEA) (formerly CPCSEA) Ministry : Ministry of Environment, Forest & Climate Change, Govt. of India Mandates : Registration of all establishments using animals Approval & monitoring of Institutional Animal Ethics Committees (IAEC) Authorization of animal housing & experiments Promotion of humane treatment & 3Rs principle – Replacement, Reduction, Refinement 2. Legal & Ethical Framework Law : Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (PCA) Act, 1960 Rules : Breeding & Experiments on Animals Rules, 1998 (amended 2001, 2006) Core Principles (CPCSEA/CCSEA) : Use minimum number of animals Minimize pain, stress & discomfort Humane euthanasia when required Follow GLP (Good Laboratory Practice) in housing & care 3. Est...

By Dr. Sk Sabir Rahaman, MBBS , MD (Pharmacology), DFM(Family Medicine), FCFM, CCEBDM, CCLSD 🔹 1. Definition & Overview A drug–food interaction occurs when food alters a drug’s: Pharmacokinetics (ADME) → absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion Pharmacodynamics → effect on receptors and body response 👉 Food may increase efficacy, reduce efficacy, or increase toxicity . “Food can significantly alter the rate and/or extent of drug absorption, sometimes leading to clinically important outcomes.” 🔹 2. Mechanisms of Drug–Food Interactions Mechanism Explanation Example Delayed Gastric Emptying Slows onset of action Paracetamol → delayed pain relief Bile Flow Stimulation Fatty meals ↑ bile → better absorption of lipophilic drugs Isotretinoin → ↑ AUC, Cmax Altered GI pH Food ↑ gastric pH → weakly basic drugs poorly absorbed Ketoconazole → ↓ absorption ↑ Splanchnic Blood Flow Alters first-pass metabolism Propranolol → variable bioavailability Physical/Chemic...

By Dr. Sk Sabir Rahaman, MBBS , MD (Pharmacology), DFM(Family Medicine), FCFM, CCEBDM, CCLSD 📝 1. Definition and Purpose WHO (1988): “Drug promotion includes all informational and persuasive activities by manufacturers and distributors, the effect of which is to induce the prescription, supply, purchase, and/or use of medicinal drugs.” In simple terms, Drug Promotional Literature (DPL) refers to written, visual, or digital material issued by pharmaceutical companies to inform, influence, or persuade healthcare professionals (HCPs) about their products. 📌 Formats include: brochures, leaflets, monographs, journal inserts, emails, and even digital campaigns. 🎯 Purpose: Educate clinicians on drug innovations Support rational prescribing Assist in therapeutic decisions Aid medical representatives (MRs) in discussions Enhance brand visibility & sales reach 📂 2. Types and Components of DPL Types of Literature Primary sources → Clinical trials, pharmacop...

By Dr. Sk Sabir Rahaman, MBBS , MD (Pharmacology), DFM(Family Medicine), FCFM, CCEBDM, CCLSD 🌙 Introduction – The Power of Time in Medicine We usually hear: “Right drug, right dose, right patient.” But an equally important question is: “At the right time?” Our body runs on internal biological clocks that regulate: Hormone secretion (melatonin, cortisol) Sleep–wake cycles Enzyme activity (like liver CYP450) Heart rate, blood pressure, and temperature These rhythms don’t just shape our health — they also affect how drugs are absorbed, distributed, metabolized, and excreted (ADME) . This is the foundation of Chronopharmacology — the science of aligning medications with biological rhythms. 🔑 Key Concepts in Chronopharmacology Term Meaning Chronotherapy Timing drugs to match biological rhythms Chronokinetics Time-of-day variations in ADME Chronesthesy Tissue sensitivity to drugs changes with time Chronergy Time-linked variations in efficacy & side effects Chronot...

By Dr. Sk Sabir Rahaman, MBBS , MD (Pharmacology), DFM(Family Medicine), FCFM, CCEBDM, CCLSD 🩺 Introduction Medication errors are one of the most preventable causes of harm in healthcare — yet they remain alarmingly common. They can cause: Adverse Drug Events (ADEs) Prolonged hospital stays Increased healthcare costs Severe disability or even death 📊 WHO Estimate: Every day, 1 person dies in the U.S. and 1.3 million injuries occur worldwide per year due to medication errors. 📖 Definition (NCCMERP) “A medication error is any preventable event that may cause or lead to inappropriate medication use or patient harm while the drug is in the control of the healthcare professional, patient, or consumer.” 🔄 Where Do Medication Errors Occur? Errors can occur at any stage of the medication-use cycle: Stage Examples of Errors Prescribing Wrong drug, dose, ignored allergy Transcribing Copying mistakes, misheard orders Dispensing Wrong medicine or wrong strength ...